EARLY MARRIAGE: REGULATION, IMPLEMENTATION AND RESEARCH FINDINGS

Marriage is an inner and outer bond between a man and a woman as husband and wife with the aim of forming a happy and eternal family. But sometimes that happiness and eternity becomes a dream when the marriage is carried out by an underage couple. The majority of couples who marry at an early age are not ready to bear the burdens of life and responsibilities as parents, so that there is the potential for disharmony to arise or end in divorce. Child marriage is also a burden for young couples who do not have sufficient income so that the nutritional needs of their children are not met optimally. Law Number 16 of 2019 was born as an effort to renew the age of marriage in order to support the realization of a harmonious, happy and eternal family. From this family, it is hoped that future generations of superior, creative, intelligent and noble character will be born. However, in reality there are still many cases of early marriage in various parts of Indonesia. There are hundreds of applications for marriage dispensation in religious courts every year. This study attempts to describe how the policy of preventing early marriage in Indonesia in the period 2017-2022 by using qualitative methods and literature studies as data sources. The results of the study show that there have been many policies carried out by stakeholders at the village/kelurahan, district, provincial and national levels in preventing early marriage which requires full community participation.


INTRODUCTION
Early marriage is a marriage that takes place when entering adolescence, not yet a teenager, or has just ended adolescence (Fadilah, 2021) or marriage that takes place under the reproductive age of less than 20 years in women and less than 25 years in men (Fadilah, 2021). Handayani, 2014). Meanwhile, according to the United Nation's Children's Fund (UNICEF) early marriage is a marriage that is carried out officially or informally by a man and a woman before the age of 18 years (Fadilah, 2021).
Indonesia ranks 37th with the highest number of underage marriages in the world, and 2nd in Southeast Asia. The National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN) emphasized that Indonesia is a country with a high percentage of early marriages in the world. This is evidenced by data from the BKKBN which shows that 0.2% of young women in Indonesia aged 10-14 or more than 22,000 (twenty-two thousand) are married. The high rate of early marriage is due to: 1) young women with low knowledge are 2.3 times more prone to early marriage than those with high knowledge, 2) young women with a negative environment will be 2.1 times more likely to have early marriages compared to those with high knowledge. being in a positive environment, 3) young women with low education will be 5.4 times more prone to early marriage compared to those with higher education, and 4) young women whose parents do not work will be 7.4 times more likely to have early marriages compared to young women whose parents work (Handayani, 2014).
This study aims to describe various existing policies related to efforts to overcome early marriage.

RESULTS
Based on the results of the articles that were collected and analyzed, the authors found that there were fourteen articles that discussed policies for the prevention of early marriage, starting from the village/kelurahan level to the national level.
At the village level, there are policies on personal approaches, data collection, socialization, guaranteeing marriage certificates, and tightening marriage laws (Muntamah et al., 2019). Klèbun Babine' in Ponteh village in preventing cases of early marriage by not providing recommendations from the village for minors, a multidimensional approach to delaying early marriage, and raising awareness to the community by utilizing various village activities, as well as socialization about adolescent reproductive health in a comprehensive manner. integrated (Sabariman, 2019). In the kelurahan area, the efforts made in handling cases of early marriage are through socialization, then conveying directly to parents about the impact and effects of early marriage (Sari, Novita, Suyitno, Imam, 2022). The Saba Village Government, carried out preventive and repressive efforts. Preventive efforts include socialization related to child marriage, discussions and posyandu. While repressive efforts include receiving reports, mediating to parents, mediating to children, handling cases and advocacy (Mubarak et al., 2022). In addition, the government's strategy in minimizing early marriage can be through moral and mental development, fostering adolescent children in every village/kelurahan carried out by the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), socializing the law on marriage and the impact of early marriage (Dahriah et al. al., 2020). At the district level, the policies that have been set by the local government of Kepahiang Regency are the declaration of a child-friendly district and the use of Androidbased information technology to protect children and women in reporting via smartphones.
Efforts to provide health services to adolescents in the form of counseling services and various services related to adolescent health, efforts to increase participation and community empowerment in the context of improving adolescent health. There is also a policy of increasing adolescent knowledge, especially school-age adolescents regarding the prevention of early marriage (Pitrianti et al., 2021). In Sleman itself, there is a policy agenda to increase the median age at first marriage for women, reduce ASFR 15-19 and increase the enrollment rate in high school by 91.63% in 2019 (Alfana & Hayati, 2017). A model for preventing early marriage was also issued by equating the perception of policy implementers regarding the target group for the minimum age of marriage, based on the regulations contained in Law No.
16 of 2019, with a focus on commitments to delay marriage at an early age by increasing stability, increasing public morality and changing culture in society (Setiawan, 2022). The Maros district government followed up the South Sulawesi Regional Regulation Number 4 of 2013 concerning the child protection system by making declarations and socialization, establishing several collaborations in several agencies, as well as community participation, especially parents who marry off their young children (Hidayanti et al., 2021).
At the provincial level, the policy to prevent child marriage in West Nusa Tenggara has accommodated changes to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage (Karyati et al., 2019).
Meanwhile, South Sulawesi Province has issued Regional Regulation Number 4 of 2013 concerning the child protection system (Hidayanti et al., 2021).
Nationally, to address the problem of child marriage in Indonesia, UNICEF conducts education and invites the Indonesian people to help prevent and help end child marriage in Indonesia through social media. In addition, it also collaborates with the Government of Indonesia in the twelve-year compulsory education program, maturing the age of marriage, child-friendly district/city programs (Herviryandha & Nasir, 2022). There are also strategies through socialization, enforcement of regulations and sanctions (Anugrah et al., 2020) and cross-cultural counseling techniques (Kurniawati & Sa'adah, 2022). Efforts to prevent child marriage as a form of child protection are also carried out through empowering children with skills information and other support networks, educating and also mobilizing parents and community members, increasing access and quality of informal education for children, offering economic support and providing incentives for children and their families. , as well as making and supporting policies on laws and regulations on marriage at a young age (Eleanora & Sari, 2020). Efforts to prevent child marriage as a form of child protection through 1) empowering children with information on skills and other support networks, 2) educating and also mobilizing parents and community members, 3) increasing access and quality of informal education for children, 4) offering economic and social support. providing incentives for children and their families, 5) Creating and supporting policies on laws and regulations on marriage at a young age (Eleanora & Sari, 2020 There are two efforts made by the Saba Village Government in dealing with child marriage, namely preventive efforts and repressive efforts. Preventive efforts include socialization related to child marriage, discussions and posyandu. Repressive efforts include receiving reports, mediating to parents, mediating to children, handling cases and advocacy (Mubarak et al., 2022)

DISCUSSION
Why does early marriage need to be arranged. There are at least 3 (three) impacts that are most visible and easy to measure, namely the impact on education, health, and the economy. Impact on education, because most child marriages cause children to drop out of school, thus hampering the achievement of twelve years of compulsory education. The impact on the health sector, where this is related to the reproductive health condition of a child if they have children, their nutritional fulfillment when they also have to take care of their children, even the worst thing is the risk of maternal and child mortality. The impact on the economy, where a child who marries at an early age will find it difficult to get a decent job to support his family, get a low wage, which eventually leads to poverty and child labor problems. It should also be noted that education, health, and the economy are the three variables used to calculate the Human Development Index (HDI), so the high child marriage will affect the low HDI (PEREMPUAN & ANAK, n.d.).
In addition to influencing HDI, there is also a relationship between maternal age at marriage and the incidence of stunting in children under five (Abidin & Liliandriani, 2020). In addition, there is a tendency that the earlier the age of the mother gets married, the higher the percentage of stunted and malnourished children (Khusna & Nuryanto, 2017). WHO itself states that one of the causes of stunting is the high rate of early marriage (Christiyaningsih, 2022).
In an effort to prevent child marriage, the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and  (Christiyaningsih, 2022).
In the literature review, there are 14 articles that discuss policies in overcoming early marriage. There are 5 journal articles that describe policies on a village/kelurahan scale, 3 articles on a district scale, 2 articles on a provincial scale, and 4 articles on policies to tackle early marriage on a national scale.Based on the policies taken, at the village and kelurahan levels, the most common steps taken to prevent early marriage are through socialization and approaches. This is because the area coverage is relatively not too wide, the relationship between stakeholders and the community is also relatively close, so this method is more effective.
While at the district level, the existing policies are more towards the declaration of child-friendly districts, the use of android-based information technology, the provision of health services to adolescents, increasing the median age at first marriage for women, reducing ASFR 15-19, increasing enrollment rates in high school, equating perceptions implementing policies regarding the target group for the minimum age of marriage, increasing stability, community morality and changing culture in society. Also following up the South Sulawesi Provincial Regulation Number 4 of 2013 concerning the child protection system by making declarations and socialization, establishing several collaborations in several agencies, as well as community participation, especially parents who marry off their children who are still at an early age.
For policies on a provincial scale, it is more towards accommodating the amendment of Law No. 1/1974 on marriage into Law no. 16 of 2019, the issuance of the South Sulawesi Regional Regulation Number 4 of 2013 concerning the child protection system, then followed up by the local government under it.
And the policy of preventing early marriage on a national scale is carried out by educating and inviting the Indonesian people to help prevent and help end child marriage in Indonesia through social media. twelve year compulsory education program, marriage age maturation, child-friendly district/city program), socialization, enforcement of regulations and sanctions, cross-cultural counseling techniques, empowering children with information skills and support networks, educating and also mobilizing parents and community members, increasing access and quality of informal education for children, offer economic support and provide incentives for children and their families, and make and support policies on laws and regulations on marriage at a young age.

CONCLUSION
From the results of the literature study, it can be concluded that almost all lines of society have tried to prevent marriage at an early age. From the village/kelurahan, district, provincial and national levels. This prevention mostly involves stakeholders in the area, in this case the Village Head/Lurah, Regent, Governor or Ministry.
The success of policies to overcome early marriage does not only depend on the stakeholders, but must be fully supported by community participation. There must be synergy between stakeholders and the community below them. Because marriage is related to the sustainability of a generation, the future of the nation's children. Because in the next few decades, they will be the successors of this country's leadership milestone.

COMPETING INTEREST
Authors declare that we have no known competing financial interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTION
Corresponding author conceptualized, designed, prepared the initial draft and framework also interpreted the data. The second author interprets the data and also making sure that the research stay on the track and based on the data that have been collected.